Traditions and Beliefs

A usanceis a trust, custom, or chroniclethat is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, origin whollyy without the pack for awriting system. Traditions atomic number 18 truly much presumed to beancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may some(prenominal)what clock be much less(prenominal) natural than is presumed. somewhat traditions were deliberately invented for ane reason or an opposite, often to cozy up or enhance the importance of a certain institution. Traditions may also be changed to suit the needs of the daylight, and the changes cig artte convey accepted as a subdivision of the ancient tradition.Folk Beliefs, oppositewise cognise as Superstitious Beliefs, forms part of a massess value systems and culture. They basic whate real reflect the customs, traditions, and muchs of a group, which has been based on religious beliefs, opinions, or popular grey practices. Also they make known of how a lot view the foreign and the Means to appease the gods that control the upcoming. Philippines gloss e rattlingplace adhere to numerous widely-held folk beliefs that agree no scientific or logical basis but maybe prickered-up by some past experiences (yet freighter be dis helpless as mere coincidence). any(prenominal) argon simmer down nice to this day primarily because of theres nonhing to lose if we comply location while the others argon tot altogethery ignored for it seemed down remedy wretched. A number of Filipinos appropriate down Folk Beliefs about(predicate) life, family, mountain, wealth, etc. Some of which were presented by the four groups operate Monday, April 26, 2010. I take in noniced that almost all groups presented folk beliefs about courting and marriage. cause is maven that is settle down macrocosm beneficial among the inexorableest of the Filipino families.This is performed by the male (who is the wooer since it is wrong to do it the opposite course) tour the ho me of the female. In the olden age, courtship doesnt start until the male suer had obtained authority from the p atomic number 18nts. This was make with the male suitor creation accompanied by another safe senior and approaching either the grow or the mother of the female and obtaining permissions days in advanced to envision at a particular day and time. now this form of getting the parents permission is still being respectable in the provinces, however, payable to western influences, there are ome variations more than adapmesa to the modern times. One alternative is to make a ph unity call, intercommunicate for the parents or guardians permission through an elder to schedule a visit. Another way is for the suitor to approach the parents in a public place, and in statelyly asking for permission to visit. Either way, it is to show proper jimmy to ask for permission prior to the formal visit. Properly costing the parents by placing the back of the right hand of the parents to the suitors fore mental capacity is practiced to show respect. This is called pagmamano in Tagalog.When the permission has been granted, the suitor whether accompanied by a star or an elder impart visit the lady fri deaths home and offers gifts. Gift bags or boxes of goodies or Filipino snacks purchased from a local computer storage and flowers are generally given over. The snacks or other goods are offered to the family of the missy consequently the flowers and limited(a) sweets ( standardized chocolate or candies) are given to the girl. In a strict Filipino home, during courtship, the parents are present during the first visit. This is the probability to get to know each other.This is sometimes called courting the parents first and break throughning their patrol wagon and approval accordingly letting the boy or suitor court the girl. concomitant visits are then scheduled if all went well during the first visit and, depending on how long the courtship get out last the answer is given by the girl with the parents knowledge as well. After the courtship stage and the girl decides that she also would wish well to take the suitors offer of pick out and commitment, then the girl ordain give the affirmative answer to the suitor. At times it takes months in the lead the answer is given.In the olden days, strict parents would sometimes give a serial of tests, having the suitor do some chores like fetching some water from the well, gaucherie firewood to be used for cooking dinner, circumstances the father of the girl do some yard or farm work. Nowadays, a more modern approach is being performed by the suitor whereby he offers refined help to the parents, sometimes carrying groceries as he sees them walking down the streets, offering them a ride if he happens to be operate their way, doing other favors that can help win their favor and better his chances of getting the girls love as well.After the girl announces to the parents that s he is nimble to be engaged the parents would be more or less to congratulate the suitor. From then on, the suitor is inured like a atom of the family. Sometimes, change surface before marriage, the suitor is introduced to the friends and relatives of the girls immediate family as upcoming part of the family or future son-in-law. Engagements may take longer than a year, and then the meet shall be placed for marriage. During the waiting period they are idle to go on dates, at times with a chaperone.Nowadays, after the first a few(prenominal) chaperoned dates they can date on their own, curiously those who live in the cities where it is not as strict as in the pastoral areas of the country. When the devil decides that they are ready to get married, then the pamamanhikan (official request of the male and his parents or guardians for the girls hand in marriage) begins. This is normally go intoe in the evening after dinner. Then, if the parents of the girl agree, they will give them their blessings and set the date of the wedding. The engagement sometimes last from some(prenominal) months to a couple of years due to extensive preparations.The majority of Filipino weddings are now Catholic weddings, but some native traditions remain. Most digest special sponsors who act as witnesses to the marriage. The principal sponsors could be godparents, counselors, a favorite uncle and aunt, even a parent. Secondary sponsors handle special trip of the ceremony, much(prenominal) as the candle, cord and shroud ceremonies. Candle sponsors light two candles, which the bride and civilize use to light a wiz candle to symbolize the joining of the two families and to invoke the light of Christ in their married life.Veil sponsors place a white veil over the brides head and the grooms shoulders, a symbol of two raft clothed as one. Cord sponsors mantelpiece the yugal (a decorative silk cord) in a figure-eight establishto symbolize everlasting fidelityover the s houlders of the bride and groom. The groom gives the bride 13 coins, or arrhae, rejoicing by the priest, as a house of his dedication to his wifes well-being and the welfare of their future children. The four groups, as far as I can remember, presented more beliefs and traditions about death, marriage, life and mountain.These were The table should not be cleared while an unmarried fair sex is still take in because she might end up an old maid. Do not sweep your floor at wickedness or else you are sweeping your luck out of the house. If one cuts his fingernails at shadow, a member of the family will die. One mustiness not organize teams of 3 or 13, otherwise one member will die. Eating Pancit on their birthday will enable them to live longer. The use of the playscript Po or Opo means Yes in a very polite manner. It is usually said by a upstart person to an elder. Holding a family reunification to follow a birthday in the family, fiestas, for Christmas or New Years C elebration. One must be able to have handa during flow days. The first belief tells me that when you clear the table while an unmarried woman is still eating, that woman will stay individual(a) all her life. I still get dressedt take in much(prenominal) belief because I have met and seen hotshot women getting married even if this illumination of tables while they ate happened to them. This is also my very first time to hear such belief. The second belief is one I comprehend when I was still very young.I was at my grandfathers house at Negros Oriental one summer. One shadow, there housemaid sweep the floor and was scolded by my grandfathers sister for doing such act. I questioned wherefore and so I asked my parents about it. They, too, didnt know why sweeping floors during night was not allowed. Now, I know why. I still adoptt believe in such belief although luck in that house has gone in and out. I believe its rightful(prenominal) synchronal when someone sweeps du ring the night and then you become very unlucky in the future. The third belief is somehow coincidental for me when you cut your fingernails and someone in your family dies.I have also tried a lot of times already acerb my nails at night and I have also tried losing a member of my family already but I dont think it was because of what I did. I dont see any connection between cutting fingernails during the night and death. With the fourth belief, I have heard this since I was in my grade prepare years. I still hear such until now. I usually go or so with two of my very close friends. We forever take run intos of ourselves yet not one of us has died, fortunately. I was told that whoever is in the substance will die first.It sounds pretty shivery at first curiously when I was still very young and innocent. However, as I grew up and hear such, it becomes second power to me and somehow funny because I have had lots of experience already with having two friends with me. The group presented this by three large number who was about to take a picture of themselves and then their friend told them they shouldnt be three otherwise the one in the middle will die. And so they absorbd more large number to join them so they wouldnt be three. The fifth belief tells me that eating Pancit will make your life longer.I always hear such in particular during festivities and celebrations. On birthday celebrations, there is always pancit on the table because it is said that this will make you live longer on earth. They always cite pansit, pampahaba ng buhay. Im pretty sure it is such because pancit is long. We dont usually practice such tradition in our family. The sixth belief shows respect to the sometime(a) sight when you say Opo or Po. It is our tradition to say such. We also mano or kiss the right hand of an older person when we greet them. Actually, you dont really kiss that hand.You just prow a bit, and gently take the older persons right hand with your right hand, and move it towards your own forehead. Sometimes, its the back of their hand that touches your forehead. In our family, we practice such tradition as a sign of respect. When we got to our province in Negros and get to meet with the very umteen relatives of ours, we mano every older relative. Other relatives of ours especially my aunts and uncles who are in their late 20s and early 30s wont let us mano them because they dont want to be old. The seventh and eight traditions have been practiced for years by almost all Filipinos.These happenings bring family members together especially those who are living away or are working in different places and rarely have the chance or time to come home. The presence of family visitors and reuniting members delight the other members of the family, aside from stories and gossips to tell. And, if a visitor is a foreigner or a relative who comes from abroad, the family is very proud especially when the neighbors are approximately, and offe rs everything just to please the visitor. Once the visitor is gone, the family will either praise or mock the visitor. Its mostly not the presence but the presents.We always celebrate feast days by having handa and inviting people to eat inside the house. In our family, we do the same during our villages fiesta. We invite friends, relatives and neighbors to dine and celebrate with us. Such tradition brings families and friends closer and patches up the times you missed together. With the very many traditions and beliefs of the Filipinos, I can say we only practice a few. Our family is not the type who believes in such beliefs. We only practice those traditions that are very common like celebrating festivities and occasions and fine-looking of gifts during special days.I dont believe in these beliefs because they sound ridiculous for me but I respect them and the people who believe in them. We were not raised(a) believing in folk beliefs because they are mere stories and doesnt hav e any connection with the real world. Sometimes, I wonder why people have do so many beliefs. Is it their way of scaring people especially beliefs about death and hazard? I believe it is only you who can bring luck to yourself and it is not pestiferous to believe and practice such beliefs and traditions. I just learned that folk beliefs are not real and not practical(a) and ones life must not always work around with beliefs.

'Chinese Nationalist Party Essay\r'

'On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong, curber of the Chinese communistic c solelyer decl ared triumph oer the jingoistic society (Guomindang) and brought an completion to four brutally long days of civilised fend for. The communistic conquest in the genteel state of contend has withal, created signifi scarcelytt contestation among historians, namely: was a commie conquest inevit adequate to(p) and if so is it more tender to see the Chinese civil struggle as a communist victory or as a Nationalist chastise?When researching these questions it becomes blatantly obvious that the Guomindang administration led by Chiang Kai-Shek was riddled with problems and they are truly practically time the ca recitation of their hold d possessfall.\r\nWide sprinkle presidency activity turpitude, spiraling pompousness, prejudice of public trustingness and intractable meagerness are bonny a hardly a(prenominal) of the failings the Guomindang afflicted upon the Chinese pack. These monumental failings go for a Communist victory seem al around inevitable, in that they just happened to be there to assume power as the Nationalists lost hurt and dr causeed in their own mistakes. In this sense it is more sensible to stunnedlook the Civil state of war as a Nationalist sweep over, rather than a Communist victory.\r\nOn the different hand, the Communists were able to second dismal countrified penury and the Nipp onenessse invasion into as destinys, using them to urge villagers that radical diverge was imperative and that the Communist Party was best qualified to take up nearly this change. Seen in this light, superior schema and faceal methods allowed the Communists to achieve victory and non just â€Å"move into a vacuum” as suggested by Barnett (Barnett, 1965: 1).\r\nThere is certainly an ingredient of inevitability with regard to the Communist victory, besides, in this essay I will manage that non just now was the outcome of the Chinese Civil fight non preordained, solely I will in addition critically evaluate the reasons the Guomindang lost the Civil War and explain that given their insurance policy mistakes, the Civil War should be seen as a Nationalist defeat rather than a Communist victory. If the Nationalists had been unstrained to adapt and had they initiated round changes in their st evaluategies, the Communist Party, no egress what its internal organisation or outside(a) st arraygies, would not realise been able to direct revolution to mainland China.\r\nThis theory is not endure by Kubek, who argues that the cause of the Nationalist defeat was due to a lack of precaution from the United States, declaring â€Å"sovietisation of China and Manchuria could be the manifestly logical outcome of post-war United States policy in China” (Kubek, 1965: 62). This view time period is unduly simplistic and overvalues America’s role in China, an opinion support by Chang, who trusts the Guomindang government’s â€Å" unsuccessful person was due not so frequently to lack of American support, still to its constitutive(a) stains” (Chang, 1965: 40).\r\nBefore analysing these inhe affiance defects and the reasons that the Nationalist Party lost the Civil War, it is important to discover the fundamentals of the home in China at the end of World War Two; specifically the consequences of the eight course war with Japan that totally exhausted the Guomindang militarily, scotchally and spiritually. Hsu argues that the war with Japan is the â€Å" individual(a) well-nigh important cause for the nightfall of the Nationalists” and â€Å"had there been no Japanese war, the stain in China would stir been very diffe subscribe” (Hsu, 1990: 734). Many of the Guomindang’s problems such(prenominal) as factionalism, subversion and head for the hills were ordinary prior to the Sino-Japanese War; however it was during the e xit phases of the Sino-Japanese War that these problems reached crisis proportions and in hindsight it seems impossible that the Guomindang could have overcome these problems to defeat the Communists (Service, 1965: 29).\r\nChang in addition believes that the Guomindang go about insurmountable problems prior to the Civil War, stating that â€Å"the government of Chiang Kai-Shek was built on quicksand and clay. How can it plunk for? Is it any wonder that it fell give care a house of cards when it had to spirit the Communist crisis?” (Chang, C. 1965: 41).\r\nWestad, (2003: 7) however argues that â€Å"in nastiness of the Guomindang’s weaknesses, the outcome of the post-war conflict with the Communists was no way predetermined in 1945”. At the end of the Sino-Japanese War the Guomindang held significant advantages over the Communists, with its widely recognised legitimate government controlling China, giving it the power to assess and conscript. On the other hand, the Communists could not crack the Guomindang’s soldiers in cost of training and equipment and could be â€Å"outgunned and outmanoeuvred in all major regions of the country” (Westad, 2003: 8).\r\nFurthermore, the Communist ships company was hardly represented in the cities at all, which of course was the power base of the Guomindang. However, the Communists also had successes ensueing from the war with Japan including increasing their field of crowd of control and practiced evolving their strategies of protracted insurrectionist war far-offe a additionst the Japanese which in turn generated public support. scorn this the company’s main forces were still located in North-west China and they were not in such a powerful plaza that a civil war with the Guomindang would be a mere formality in securing control of the country.\r\nThe Civil War is whence simply not a chemise of the imminent decline of the Guomindang and the Communists’ irresist ible rise. quite the Sino-Japanese War digestd the framework for the decisions and strategies that would ultimately lead to Nationalist defeat. The war with Japan left hand the Guomindang decimated and they did need to undergo reform in order to survive; however the factionalism and corruption within the Guomindang resulted in increasingly restrictive controls being utilise upon the war outwear Chinese pile. At a time when new strategies were needed, the government instead act its repressive controls and when war again bust out, the government lost even more support and collapsed with cataclysmic speed.\r\nThis was due in no small part to the leaders of the Guomindang, whose perpetuation of their own power henpecked over all other considerations (Service, 1965: 28). The confidence and mismanagement of the Guomindang alienated the Chinese throng and caused a loss of public confidence and respect. This loss of respect not tho resulted in the Nationalists losing influence in their own power bases, but made it easier for the Communists to use this public disharmony and encourage the Chinese people to think that a change in administration would bring about a change in their fortunes.\r\nAn object lesson of the Guomindang’s worthless leadership strategies can be seen in their occupation of power Japanese colonies (Service, 1965: 29). The Chinese citizens within these Japanese set-aside(p) territories had waited eight years for the repay of Nationalist rule, but instead of being treated as victims of war, they were functioned. The Guomindang leaders did not return their land but acquired it as their own property; moreover, they virtually eliminated the monetary assets of these people. This was caused by the currency in the occupied territories going through extreme inflation as the government only offered the unconscionable exchange rate of two blow to one; when a more apt rate would have been half that much (Phillips, 1996: 158). Furth ermore, the puppet leaders that had been installed by the Japanese often kept their positions or became members of the Guomindang. low-down policy decisions such as this would lead to the downfall of the Guomindang, as it is impossible to stir an telling war without the support of the people and the stintingal policies of the government alienated millions of agony people.\r\nThe Guomindang’s economic problems were not express to the territories formerly occupied by the Japanese. exclusively over China inflation was an exceptionally large problem, for as the increases seen during the Japanese War were allowed to spiral out of control during the Civil War. Service, (1965: 29) argues that this is a direct result of corruption within the Guomindang, and that they refused to take any effective steps to check inflation or implement agricultural reforms for fear of losing the support of the landlord class in China. In view of this, the Guomindang developed urban industry at the expense of agricultural and financed this by simply printing more bank notes.\r\nTheir economic mismanagement was disastrous for the majority of the Chinese people and meant that by 1948 government disbursement had become thirty times big when compared to its pre-war level; the budget deficit had also blown out to thirty times it pre-war level and inflation was increasing at the rate of thirty per cent a month (Chang, K. 1965: 23). The Nationalist government face up imminent fiscal doom and the Chinese people were becoming aware of the selfish nature of their government whose economic policies and financial mismanagement destroyed the livelihood of hundreds of millions of Chinese. The failings of the Guomindang would provide the Communist party with vitamin Ale opportunities to exploit the discontent of the Chinese people.\r\nThis was one of the reasons for the Communist victory in that they were able to gain the support of people from the rural areas who the Guomindang had alienated. An standard of this can be seen in the rural land reforms implemented in saucily gained territories. In these areas the Communists promoted production and ensured supplies by creating a self-sufficient economy. To rouse the productive inspiration of the small frys, they launched a c axerophtholaign to reduce rent and interest. Peasant associations and other organisations were urged to demand and utilize a 25 percent rent reduction, with a rent ceiling set at 37.5 percent of the crops. The interest rate on loans was limited to 1.5 percent a month, or 18 percent a year, much lower that the excessive rate formerly charged by the landlords (Westad, 2003: 11 and Fielding, 1999: 134). They were able to achieve these reforms without confiscating large amounts of land, as considerable redistribution of land to the peasants was accomplished by imposing graduated taxes in such a way that larger landholders voluntarily sold land because it was no drawn-out profitable.\r\nIt is arguable that the Communists had no intention of eliminating the economic power of the landlords, but instead they showed the peasants that they could physical exertion their power locally and play an alive(p) role in the war against a government that some had come to despise. The Communists gave the peasants what they cute: an army of friendly multitude who not only did not steal their crops but helped them bring in the harvest and who implemented popular but gradual economic reforms (Ebrey, 1996: 289). This is in stark contrast to the Guomindang who did not understand the peasants and showed no interest in aiding them. They failed to see the revolutionary potential of the peasant masses and unlike the Communist Party never attempted to organise them. This feature was best summarised by Hsu: â€Å"the stone that one builder had rejected became the cornerstone of the other’s house” (Hsu, 1990: 738).\r\nHowever, many of the most important cause of the Nationalist d efeat during the Civil War were host ones. patronage emerging from the Japanese War break in equipped and trained, the Nationalist Army was a tired force (Hsu, 1990: 734). This war-weariness was felt end-to-end China and there was widespread citation that full scale civil war would be a tragedy for the country. It is therefore, not surprising that the Guomindang’s persistence in war machine aggression towards the Communists, who were Chinese after(prenominal) all, failed to arouse the same patriotic committal as when the enemies were Japanese (Stuart, 1965: 19). Given this postal service the Nationalist Army needed sizeable leadership and to gain the support of the people; they were unsuccessful on both counts.\r\nThis was for the most part due to the leadership system created by Chiang Kai-Shek that was â€Å"a congerie of conservative political cliques” have-to doe with primarily with maintaining their own power (Service, 1965: 30). Furthermore, the highes t forces posts were reserved for those who like Chiang Kai-Shek had graduated from the Wh adenineoa military academy and this often meant that more keen officers were turned away. General Barr of the United States verbalise of the Guomindang leadership in 1949 that, â€Å"their military debacles in my opinion can all be attributed to the world’s worst leadership and many other morale destroying factors that lead to a complete loss of will to fight” (Barr, 1949: x quoted in Bianco, 1971: 180).\r\nIn fact, many battles were lost by the Nationalists without a fight, as hundreds of thousands of troops simply defected or surrendered to the Communists (Barnett, 1965: 5). An extype Ale of this may be seen during the Huai-Huai Campaign, where poor military leadership caused the Nationalist troops to become surrounded and resulted in an irreparable loss of manpower without a fight (Phillips, 1996: 158). Rather than undertaking offensives to seek out and destroy the main mobi le second units of the Communists, they holed up for the most part in isolated, vulnerable, defensive positions allowing the Communists to concentrate their forces and attack and master Nationalists’ positions one by one (Barnett, 1965: 5).\r\nThis schema played into the hands of the Communists whose primary last was to reduce the numbers of the Nationalist army. They were not concerned with holding specific geographical areas and this allowed them to be a lot more flexible in their attacks. Moreover, the Communist troops were ordered to avoid large battles and to function the enemy only when there was a high probability of victory. Mao Zedong argued that the only way guerrilla warfare could attend is if the army had the support of the people, and the Communists certainly had this (Mao Zedong, 1940: x cited in Bianco, 1971: 184).\r\nThe Communists successfully achieved this through the use of propaganda. They portrayed themselves as defenders of the nation and the Guom indang as enemies of all levels of society, from peasant to scholar (Chang, C. 1965: 40). Chiang Kai-shek himself admitted that the Nationalists adversity in propaganda â€Å"was a major defect in our struggle against Communism” (Kai-shek, 1965: 77).\r\nDespite this, the Nationalist army had many opportunities to bad weaken the Communists. However, their leadership too often committed crucial tactical mistakes, which were the result of lack of communication and disputes within the party caused by the factionalism that riddled the Guomindang leadership (Westad, 2003: 11). coterie politics and factionalism would eventually lead to the situation where unified action to either sack the problems in Nationalist held territory or to fight against the Communists became virtually impossible (Barnett, 1965: 6). This is in stark contrast to the leadership of the Communist armies, whose generals were not concerned with personal gain, but instead co-operated with each other and gained the support of the Chinese people and worked towards a join goal (Westad, 2003: 9).\r\nThese superior military manoeuvre and aforementioned economic reforms brought the Communists wide spread support and ultimately victory. However, this victory would never have been achievable were it not for the military, economic and social failings of the Guomindang. Chiang Kai-Shek himself admitted major defects in organisation and technique in the Nationalists’ war against Communism, however he argued that these defects were remediable, â€Å"so long as our strategy and policy were correct, I believe we still could have won” (Kai-Shek, 1965: 82). It is in this light that the Chinese Civil War should be viewed not as a Communist victory, but as a Nationalist defeat.\r\nThere is no disbelieve that the war against Japan was a crushing blow to the Nationalists economic and military power, however it was not fatal. The Nationalist government could have continued to consolidate it s power and office by the sheer weight of its military strength and financial resources (Tsou, 1965: 28). Even though the Nationalist government was far from popular, it was the most powerful military and economic force in China and could have survived if it had been willing to regain the support of the people. Defeat to the Communists was therefore, far from inevitable, and the Nationalists were very much the engineers of their own demise.\r\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\r\nBarnett, A. (1965), ‘ twofold factors’, in Pichon Loh (ed.) ‘The Kuomintang trouncing of 1949: seduction or give out?’ D.C. heathland & Company, BostonBianco, Lucien. (1971), ‘Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915-1949’ Stanford University Press, StanfordChang, Carsun. (1965), ‘Chiang Kai-shek and Kuomintang dictatorship’, in PichonLoh (ed.) ‘The Kuomintang lashing of 1949: advantage or Collapse?’ D.C. heath& Company, BostonChang, Kia-Ngua. (1965) ‘War and Inflation’ in Pichon Loh (ed.) ‘The Kuomintang mass murder of 1949: achievement or Collapse?’ D.C. heathland & Company, BostonEbrey, Patricia. (1996), Cambridge Illustrated History: China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, EnglandFielding, Mark & Morcombe, Margot. (1999), ‘The Spirit of Change †China in Revolution’ McGraw Hill Book Company, Roseville, NSWHsu, Immanuel C.Y. (1990), ‘The testify of Modern China’ Oxford University Press, New YorkKai-shek, Chiang 1965, ‘Communist designs and Kuomintang blunders’, inPichon Loh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C.\r\nHeath & Company, BostonKubek, Anthony 1965, ‘Communist subversion and American appeasement’, inPichon Loh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C.\r\nHeath & Company, BostonPhillips, Richard. (1996) ‘China since 1911’ St Martin’s Press, N ew York.\r\nService, tin S. 1965, ‘The enthronement of reaction’, in Pichon Loh (ed.)The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C. Heath & Company,BostonStuart, John L. (1965), ‘Popular dissatisfy and Creeping Paralysis’, in Pichon Loh (ed.)The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or\r\nCollapse?, D.C. Heath & Company,BostonTsou, Tang 1965, ‘Contradictions between program and practise’, in PichonLoh (ed.) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949: Conquest or Collapse?, D.C. Heath& Company, BostonWestad, Odd Arne 2003, Decisive Encounters: the Chinese Civil War 1946 -1950, Stanford University Press, California\r\n'

'Puck: Character Analysis Essay\r'

'hockey puck\r\nOne of the around interesting personalitys in Shakespe be’s play, summer solstice darkness’s Dream, is hockey puck. hockey puck’s whimsical spirit, magical fancy, fun-loving humor, and lovely, evocative vocabulary permeate the atmosphere of the play. Being brought to the interview’s attention when lending out Oberon’s orders, puck is often overlooked in relation to the attention granted to other events occurring in all(prenominal) plot. hockey puck is servant and jester to the Fairy King Oberon and it is his magical spell and enchant manpowert that serves useful to him and withal Oberon. He is poised tho non as sugary as the other fairies; as Oberon’s jester, he is given to a certain roughness, which leads him to trans throw empennage’s head into that of an ass merely for the interestingness of enjoyment. Being a fairy of a noisome temper is what leads Puck into triggering more of the memorable momen ts in the play. It is because of Puck’s many diametric character tendencies, along with his ever present mischievous nature that it is possible to analyze his character in three different miens.\r\nThe first sort to analyze Puck is through his avouch eyes. A fairy many be the simplest way to describe Puck save he knows he is seen well as a goblin, or a zoology of chaos. Agreeing that the previous would more accurately assure his description, Puck knows that he is given over to possibility and cruel further devout-hearted tricks. keen that Puck is a mischief shaper and creator of chaos, Oberon still relies on him to carry out his orders that way he intends for them to happen. To puck chaos is correct, and it is that chaos that Oberon secretly relies on.\r\nWhen Oberon sends Puck to Titania and her lover, Bottom, it easily foreseen before Puck even arrives that something unfortunate would soon traverse Titania’s evening. Here Puck’s lighthearted, i n time cruel hanky panky gets the best of him where he could not yet help himself in routine Bottom’s head into that of an ass. Also, without his wit, creativity, and trickery, Puck would not have been able to trick the finite men into chasing him. Puck is able wholly then to lead the mortal men far into the forest where eventually they some(prenominal) tire and fall asleep. Puck knows that his mischievous nature is more than dear his entertainment, but that it is also his greatest strength that proves to be useful to his master, Oberon, himself, and also the interview.\r\nA mo way to view Puck is as a bringer of love, a Cupid of some sort. Although the c at a timeit of the love spell was Oberon’s, he delegates the project to Puck. The mortals are not important comme il faut for him to take care of himself and so he delegates this responsibility to puck, acting almost as Hermes to Zeus. As previously stated, Puck is fun-loving and pr superstar to unfortunate mistakes and with this in Oberon’s all-encompassing knowledge Puck is still given the visor with the power of love. After receiving the flower Puck sets off with the best of spirit but his personality wins out.\r\nUpon seeing the mortals deceit sleeping, Puck confuses which mortal man he is to put the spell on and chooses the revile one. Creating havoc rather than love, when the mortals wake up Puck realizes what he has done and divert and to some degree pleased, he does not get in any urge to place the mistake. He is not sorry, nor does he panic at the thought of Oberon finding out his mistake. Puck instead, blames the misfortune on the lover’s own foolishness. non having done the work himself the first time, Oberon once again must entrust Puck to undo his mistake. Even after turning the young lover’s arena upside down, it is Puck who is sent to reclaim order and set things right betwixt the lovers, ensuring the play’s happy ending.\r\nIn ma ny of Shakespeare’s play on that point is a character whose main routine is informing the audience of the important aspects of the past, the present, and the prospective action of the play. These characters are known as the utter and are prevalent in many of Shakespeare’s dramas. This is third way to view Puck’s character. sometimes the events taking place are still discussed by the chorus, and other times the chorus seems to make predictions that lead the audience to digest the event. More often than not though, a twist ending is what the audience unremarkably comes to accept. As the chorus, Puck not notwithstanding directs the drama of A Midsummer Night’s Dream but brings the audience along with him. He keeps them updated on what has happened and what is happening throughout the play. Given that there are two plots, Puck pulls off the occupation of narrator and fairy guide effortlessly as he ensures that no one gets lost as the two plots perpe tually weave in and out of each other.\r\nTo decide between these three different personalities as to which Puck would more well fit would be interesting and yet near impossible. It is only when the three personalities are combined that the real exploration and abbreviation of Puck’s true character can begin. Chaos is usually looked at as a derogatory term, but there can be in effect(p) and bad chaos. Puck is exactly that, good and bad chaos. In fact, one could affirm Puck almost perfectly straddles the drag between tranquility and chaos in that when it comes to his many unfortunate events, one gets mend usually before more situations arise. Depending on the recipient of his work, Puck is not evil, just playful enough to cause problems and also smart enough to go O.K. and help undo or fix the multitude of problems he causes throughout the play. Shakespeare’s inclusion of Puck as the form of knowledge shows that there is more to Puck’s character than just a mischievous hobgoblin you see at first glance. His character plays an important, if not major, economic consumption in the process of telling the study of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Puck is not to be undermined as just a jokster fairy, but silent in his own right.\r\n'

'Why is Parliament so weak in relation to the executive?\r'

'The domination of the legislature, which includes fantan, by the decision sustainr branch, which contains g everyplacenance, is a majorly important feature of the British governmental arranging. According to French philosopher Montesquieu, the wish of the separation of posts and, hence, the fusion of the executive and legislative branches (as, uniquely, in the UK) may lead to a oversize accumulation of power in one branch. Un give care the USA governmental system where these branches atomic number 18 kept rigorously separate, on that point is excessive executive power which nitty-gritty that fantan stack be exposed as creaky and impotent to the view fopship.\r\nThere are m whatever a(prenominal) factors that make Parliament serve weak in relation to the executive including; the electoral system, the scrutiny of MP’s, and the power (if any) of the business firm of Lords. The for the first-year time past the post electoral system eachows governments in t he UK to seemingly hulk Parliament without representing a rattling large proportion of the electorate. The system ensures that one party with make headway an absolute majority, which tends to be very large, and, hence, means that parliament is relatively feeble in contrast as the share of dis spatial relationnts is limited which allows government to dominate.\r\nThe 1997 landslide conquest of New mash was only achieved with well-nigh 36% of the vote. This comparatively small plowshare of the voting population gave the party a mammoth 197 seat majority afterwards sitting on the other perspective of the chamber for 18 years. The ample total of seating way of life in Parliament that were given over to Labour meant that fair authority of political opinion was undermined hugely. Additionally, the majorities necessary for new laws would be a given if the party were tramp their leader which in the good example of Tony Blair was closely always the case.\r\nIt is in these ways that Parliament is made to look weak in relation to the executive. In theory, however, the flip side of a strong single-party government is that there are still enough seats left in Parliament to work out a critical checking employment and for opponent parties to present themselves as a lifelike alternative to the government of the day. This system in addition excludes extremist parties, such as the BNP, from representation in the legislature unless its electoral validate is geographi remembery strenuous; it is unlikely to win any seats under FPTP which is validatory in order to prevent them from electoral legitimacy.\r\nIn any case the commonalty invite the ultimate power to terminate the present government from office. Scrutiny of fellow MP’s is made strong if one party dominates the admit of Commons. MP’s take a crap insufficient sequence and support to be able to call ministers to account effectively. MPs often drop the technical expertise to s crutinise legislating adequately and on the occasions that they do ask penetrating questions, the respondent commonly has a response prepared and/or by civil servants.\r\nIn addition, piteous timing of Opposition days cleverness blunt impact which is why any attack on the present government must be carefully planned. In February 2010, the former bosses of the Royal Bank of Scotland were for ternary hours questioned vigorously by a pack deputation and they responded with both sessdour and courtesy. The committee members probed diligently enough but, non for the first time, they were outsmarted by expert witnesses with too much technical information at their disposal.\r\nThis proves that the short-staffed and poorly resourced scrutinizers cannot do their job justly and, hence, in addition highlights how weak Parliament are in relation to the executive. However, MP’s are allowed freedom to ask questions in areas of special interest to them without having to worry abo ut party whips. In Parliament, in the past, a number of important bills have been make dod and promulgated in draft, including Identity Cards and noetic Health Bills. In addition, whatever a minister proposes is subjected to Parliamentary scrutiny at some stage so will have to be viable with room for agreement from the entire Parliament.\r\nFinally, constant debate ensures that even the ruling party is touch by what Parliament thinks even if this is not so obvious at first glance. The Ho accustom of Lords’ lack of authority and powers means that the government can often avert pretty much anything that it throws. The powers of the Lords are exceedingly limited by law as it has absolutely no power over financial matters and can’t prevent legislation in the long term. Additionally, all amendments can be overturned and, like the Commons, the Lords have a limited lineament in developing legislation.\r\nIn 1997, Tony Blair abolished the purity of hereditary peerage b ut allowed the 92 hereditary peers to retain their seats ahead appointing a vast number of Labour peers into the House of Lords in order to make it even easier for him to gain a majority. The huge power of government is shown here and can be manipulated to make Parliament look weaker. However, when peers do vote against legislation past parliamentary gridlock can be created. This was certainly the case in 2007 where the House of Lords defied the frequent consensus in the Commons with 361 votes to 121 in prefer of a 100% appointed House of Lords.\r\nIt is in this way that Parliament can stand up to the executive, whose party have a majority in Parliament, and force play compromises by the government. This particular controversial case of rebellion has proved a victor for the Lords as to this day Peers still have to be 100% appointed. In conclusion, it seems Parliament has been made to look powerless by government who can make use of the first past the post system and gain large majorities without large representation. Additionally, scrutiny directed at MP’s is easily combated with the brilliantly crafted answers of government.\r\nGovernment has also become increasingly dominant convey to further Lords reform by Tony Blair and the clear delaying of laws by which act as a thorn on legislation. However, it has to be express that Parliament has many ways in which it can reduce the ‘bullying’ it receives from the ruling party. The electoral system has obvious advantages that arguably make meliorate Parliament’s role such as the ability to improve on scrutinising future laws and to offer better decisions than the ruling party.\r\n'

'Marketing Mix Extended on Kfc Essay\r'

'KFC History †Colonel Sanders Colonel Harland Sanders, fo beneath of the original Kentucky heat up xanthous, was born on September 9, 1890. When he was sixsome, his puzzle died and his mformer(a) was forced to go to treat up charm young Sanders excessivelyk c be of his three year honest-to-god brother and impair sister. This meant he had to do such(prenominal) of the family cookery. By the time he was s withal, Harland Sanders was a overpower of a range of regional dishes. After a serial prevalentation of jobs, in the mid thirties at the come on of forty, Colonel Sanders bought a profit carry, motel and cafe at Corbin, a township in Kentucky ab divulge 25 miles from the Tennessee border.\r\nHe began luck meals to travelers on the dining carry over in the living quarters of his service station because he did not have a eating house. It is present that Sanders began experimenting with different seasonings to flavor his complainer which travelers loved and f or which he soon became famous. He then locomote crossways the street to a motel and eating house, which seat 142 tidy sum. During the next nine-spot years he developed his secret pattern of 11 herbs and spices and the basic cooking technique which is suave utilise today. Sander’s fame grew.\r\nGovernor violent Laffoon do him a Kentucky Colonel in 1935 in lore of his contri merelyions to the state’s cuisine. And in 1939, his establishment was premier listed in Duncan Hines’ â€Å"Adventures in commodity Eating”. A spick-and-span interstate eminentway carried traffic past times the town, which soon had a devastating affect on his ancestry. He sold up and travelled the unify States by car, cooking icteric for restaurant owners and their employees. If the answer was favorable Sanders entered into a handshake covenant on a deal which stipulated a requital to him of a nickel for each chicken the restaurant sold.\r\nBy 1964, from that hum ble beginning, Colonel Harland Sanders had 600 franchise outlets for his chicken across the linked States and Canada. Later that year Colonel Sanders sold his interest in the unify States operations for $2 million. The 65-year-old gentleman had leap outed a realitywide empire using his $ one hundred five genial security cheque. Sadly, Colonel Harland Sanders passed away on December 16th, 1980 olden 90. Every day, nearly eight million customers atomic number 18 served close to the world. KFC’s menu includes cowcatcher expression® chicken †made with the very(prenominal) great bask Colonel Harland Sanders created much than a half-century ago.\r\nCustomers nigh the globe in increment enjoy more than 300 other products †from a Chunky Chicken Pot Pie in the United States to a salmon sandwich in Japan. thither atomic number 18 over 14,000 KFC outlets in 105 countries and territories around the world. KFC is part of Yum! Brands, Inc. , which is the worl d’s largest restaurant body with over 32,500 KFC, A;W All-American Foodâ„¢,Taco Bell, foresighted toilet Silver’s and pizza pie army hut restaurants in more than c countries and territories. KFC In Bangladesh KFC stands for high quality fast food in a popular array of complete meals to enrich the consumer’s everyday life.\r\nKFC strives to serve great tasting, â€Å"finger lickin all-encompassing(a)” chicken meals that enable the whole family to sh be a fun. Uninhibited and thoroughly satisfying eating experience, with same convenience and affordability of ordinary Quick Service Restaurants. skylight Foods Limited, a concern of Transom Group is the franchisee of KFC in Bangladesh. The first ever KFC restaurant has been opened in September at Gulshan, Dhaka with a sit down capacity of 178 persons. In the coming days, KFC plans roll out more restaurants in Bangladesh Colonel Harland Sanders\r\nColonel Harland Sanders, born September 9, 1890, ac tively began franchising his chicken business at the age of 65. Now, the KFC® business he started has grown to be one of the largest riotous service food service organisations in the world. And Colonel Sanders, a quick service restaurant pioneer, has become a symbol of entrepreneurial spirit. More than a cardinal of the Colonel’s â€Å"finger lickin’ good” chicken dinners ar served annu tout ensembley. And not skilful in North America. The Colonel’s cooking is available in more than 80 countries and territories around the world.\r\nWhen the Colonel was six, his father died. His mother was forced to go to do, and young Harland had to take care of his three-year-old brother and baby sister. This meant doing much of the family cooking. By the age of seven, he was a master of several regional dishes. At age 10, he got his first job working on a nearby farm for $2 a month. When he was 12, his mother remarried and he left his inhabitation near Henryvi lle, Ind. , for a job on a farm in Greenwood, Ind. He held a series of jobs over the next few years, first as a 15-year-old streetcar conductor in naked Alb either, Ind. and then as a 16-year-old private, soldiering for six months in Cuba. After that he was a squeeze fireman, studied law by correspondence, practiced in thatice of the peace courts, sold insurance, operated an Ohio River steamboat ferry, sold tires, and operated service stations. When he was 40, the Colonel began cooking for hungry travelers who stopped at his service station in Corbin, Ky. He didn’t have a restaurant then, but served ethnic music on his own dining table in the living quarters of his service station.\r\nAs more people started coming just for food, he moved across the street to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people. Over the next nine years, he perfect his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices and the basic cooking technique that is still used today. Sander’s fame grew. Governor Ruby Laffoon made him a Kentucky Colonel in 1935 in recognition of his contributions to the state’s cuisine. And in 1939, his establishment was first listed in Duncan Hines’ â€Å"Adventures in Good Eating. ” In the early 1950s a new interstate highway was planned to bypass the town of Corbin.\r\nSeeing an end to his business, the Colonel auctioned off his operations. After paying(a) his bills, he was reduced to living on his $105 Social Security checks. Confident of the quality of his fry chicken, the Colonel devoted himself to the chicken franchising business that he started in 1952. He traveled across the country by car from restaurant to restaurant, cooking batches of chicken for restaurant owners and their employees. If the reaction was favorable, he entered into a handshake agreement on a deal that stipulated a payment to him of a nickel for each hicken the restaurant sold. By 1964, Colonel Sanders had more than 600 franchised outlets for his chicken in the United States and Canada. That year, he sold his interest in the U. S. comp all for $2 million to a group of investors including John Y. dark-brown Jr. , who later was governor of Kentucky from 1980 to 1984. The Colonel remained a public spokesman for the company. In 1976, an independent survey ranked the Colonel as the world’s second most recognizable celebrity. Under the new owners, Kentucky heat up Chicken can grew rapidly.\r\nIt went public on March 17, 1966, and was listed on the spic-and-span York Stock Exchange on January 16, 1969. More than 3,500 franchised and company-owned restaurants were in worldwide operation when Heublein Inc. acquired KFC Corporation on July 8, 1971, for $285 million. Kentucky Fried Chicken became a subsidiary of R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. (now RJR Nabisco, Inc. ), when Heublein Inc. was acquired by Reynolds in 1982. KFC was acquired in October 1986 from RJR Nabisco, Inc. by PepsiCo, Inc. , for approximately $840 million. In Janu ary 1997, PepsiCo, Inc. nnounced the bear of its quick service restaurants †KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut †into an independent restaurant company, Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. In May 2002, the company announced it received shareholders’ approval to change it’s corporation name to Yum! Brands, Inc. The company, which owns A&W All-American Food Restaurants, KFC, Long John Silvers, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants, is the world’s largest restaurant company in foothold of system units with nearly 32,500 in more than 100 countries and territories.\r\nUntil he was fatally stricken with leukemia in 1980 at the age of 90, the Colonel traveled 250,000 miles a year tour the KFC restaurants around the world. And it all began with a 65-year-old gentleman who used his $105 Social Security check to start a business. Original Recipe® is Still a Secret For years, Colonel Harland Sanders carried the secret formula for his Kentucky Fried Chicken in his he ad and the spice mixture in his car. Today, the recipe is locked away in a unspoilt in Louisville, Ky. Only a handful of people know that multi-million dollar recipe (and they’ve signed austere confidentiality contracts).\r\nThe Colonel developed the formula back in the 1930s when he operated a roadside restaurant and motel in Corbin, Kentucky. His blend of 11 herbs and spices developed a doglike following of customers at the Sanders Court & Cafe. â€Å"I hand-mixed the spices in those days like mixing cement,” the Colonel recalled, â€Å"on a specially cleaned concrete floor on my back porch in Corbin. I used a scoop to make a tunnel in the flour and then carefully mixed in the herbs and spices. ” Today, security precautions protecting the recipe would make even James Bond proud.\r\nOne company blends a formulation that represents only part of the recipe. Another spice company blends the remainder. A com effecter processing system is used to safeguard an d standardize the blending of the products, but neither company has the complete recipe. â€Å"It boggles the mind just to think of all the procedures and precautions the company takes to protect my recipe,” the Colonel said. â€Å" oddly when I think how Claudia and I used to operate. She was my wadding girl, my warehouse supervisor, my delivery person †you name it.\r\nOur store was the warehouse. â€Å"After I hit the road marketing franchises for my chicken, that left Claudia behind to fill the orders for the seasoned flour mix. She’d fill the day’s orders in little paper sacks with cellophane linings and package them for shipment. past she had to put them on a midnight train. ” Little did the Colonel and Claudia dream in those days that his formula would be famous around the world. Pressure Cooker Colonel Sanders was always experimenting with food at his restaurant in Corbin, Ky. , in those early days of the 1930s.\r\nHe kept adding this and that to the flour for frying chicken and came out with a pretty good-tasting product. But customers still had to cargo deck 30 minutes for it while he fried it up in an iron skillet. That was just too long to wait, he thought. Most other restaurants serving what they called â€Å"Southern” fried chicken fried it in deep fat. That was quicker, but the taste wasn’t the same. Then the Colonel went to a demonstration of a â€Å"new-fangled gizmo” called a pressure cooker sometime in the late 1930s. During the demonstration, parking sight beans turned out tasty and done just right in only a few minutes.\r\nThis stigmatise his mind to thinking. He wondered how it might work on chicken. He bought one of the pressure cookers and made a few adjustments. After a lot of experimenting with cooking time, pressure, shortening temperature and level, Eureka! He’d found a way to fry chicken quickly, infra pressure, and come out with the best chicken he’d ever tasted. Today, there are several different kinds of cookers used to make Original Recipe® Chicken. But every one of them fries under pressure, the principle established by this now-famous Kentuckian.\r\nThe Colonel’s first pressure cooker is still around. It holds a dapple of honor at KFC’s Restaurant live on Center in Louisville, Ky. Yum Brands, Inc. Supplier decree of share YUM! Brands, Inc. (â€Å"Yum”) is committed to conducting its business in an ethical, effectual and socially responsible manner. To encourage compliance with all legal requirements and ethical business practices, Yum has established this Supplier polity of Conduct (the â€Å" edict”) for Yum’s U. S. suppliers (â€Å"Suppliers”). Compliance with Laws and Regulations\r\nSuppliers are required to abide by all relevant laws, codes or regulations including, but not limited to, any local anaesthetic, state or federal laws regarding wages and benefits, workmenâ₠¬â„¢s compensation, working hours, equal opportunity, worker and product safety. Yum to a fault expects that Suppliers will conform their practices to the published standards for their industry. Employment Practices running(a) Hours ; Conditions: In compliance with applicable laws, regulations, codes and industry standards, Suppliers are expected to ensure that their employees have safe and wholesome working conditions and reasonable daily and weekly work schedules.\r\nEmployees should not be required to work more than the number of hours allowed for regular and overtime work periods under applicable local, state and federal law. Non-Discrimination: Suppliers should implement a policy to effectuate all applicable local and federal laws prohibiting discrimination in hiring and employment on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, age, physical disability, national origin, creed or any other basis prohibited by law.\r\nChild Labor: Suppliers should not use workers under the legal age for employment for the type of work being performed in any facility in which the Supplier is doing work for Yum. In no sheath should Suppliers use employees younger than 14 years of age. strained and Indentured Labor: In accordance with applicable law, no Supplier should perform work or produce goods for Yum using labor under any form of indentured servitude, nor should threats of violence, physical punishment, confinement, or other form of physical, sexual, psychological, or verbal harassment or abuse be used as a method of discipline or control.\r\nNotification to Employees: To the finale required by law, Suppliers should establish company-wide policies implementing the standards outlined in this Code and post notices of those policies for their employees. The notices should be in all languages necessary to fully communicate the policy to its employees. Audits and Inspections individually Supplier should conduct audits and inspections to insure their compliance with this Code and applicable legal and contractual standards.\r\nIn addition to any contractual rights of Yum or Unified Foodservice purchasing Co-op, LLC (â€Å"UFPC”), the Supplier’s failure to observe the Code may subject them to disciplinary action, which could include decision of the Supplier relationship. The business relationship with Yum and UFPC is strengthened upon full and complete compliance with the Code and the Supplier’s agreements with Yum and UFPC. Application The Code is a general parameter of Yum’s expectations with respect to its Suppliers.\r\nThe Code should not be read in lieu of but in addition to the Supplier’s obligations as set out in any agreements amidst Yum or UFPC and the Supplier. In the event of a conflict between the Code and an applicable agreement, the agreement shall control. KFC Banani, KFC Gulshan, KFC Dhanmondi, KFC Mirpur , KFC Eskaton, KFC Laxmibazar, KFC New Baily Road, KFC Paltan, KFC Uttara, KFC Chittagong, KF C coxswain’s Bazar. Restaurent Support Center (RSC) SE(F) †5, Bir Uttam Mir Shawkat Ali Shorok (Gulshan Avenue), Gulshan †1, Dhaka †1212. retrieve # 9894662 / 9894045 / 9886579 Fax # 9886222\r\n'

'All the World’s a Stage, the Dramaturgy\r'

'All The earth’s a stage â€Å"All the populaces a stage, And completely the men and women merely players. They provoke their exits and their entrances; And wholeness man in his time plays galore(postnominal) part” Shakespe be. Although Shakespe atomic number 18 wasn’t a sociologist, I think this reiterate profoundly sounds uniform Ervine G glumman’s ideas of dramaturgy and flavour precaution. I agree with both Shakespe be and Ervine. We all mystify a part to play in this world and we do play it. To me Ervine G makeman’s ideas ab knocked out(p) self and dramaturgy are the most applicable sociable ideas in my own biographyspan.He viewd we do something called cast concern. I have inciteually noniced myself using impression management every mean solar day. I have as well noticed that in sociology we really need to clear face to face interactions of individuals to understand a rules of order as a whole. He in like manner intru std in a concept called typic interactionism. He believed that favorable interactions are what make some champion who they are. I believe that to understand his ideas better it is imperative that you know a little about him. Goffman was born June 11, 1922(Blackwood, 2011) to a Judaic Ukrainian couple in Canada.Initially, he on-key his bachelors in sociology at the University of Toronto. Then he went to the University of gelt to achieve his masters and doctorate. Chicago was the center for m both micro-sociologists and symbolic interationists like Goffman. His ideas must have make him fit right in with all the other sociologists studying at University of Chicago. He as well examine a grade in Shetland and wrote a allow called The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. This is where he refers to the theory of us always being onstage. He then went to Berkley to t for each one about Sociology and Anthropology (which he also studied).Goffman also went onto to write about his id eas of total grounding (the sociology term for somewhere completely blocked off from normal rules of order). He wrote many books over his life time and he remained a very primal man in the sociology world. He stop his paternity career going back to address more evidence that we are all performers, he ended on the same note he started on. He passed on November 19th, 1982. ((Blackwood, 2011) Micro-Sociology is the study of a small pigeonholing of spate to understand how participation works as a whole.Ervine Goffman advocated this idea and used face-to-face interactions as a basis to understand sociology. I believe that this is a very true idea because without individuals in that respect is no ordination. I also believe that how we act as individuals is what makes a society how it is. For exercising as individuals we actually enjoy conflict when the conflicts involves others. In richly school I remember that everyone always precious to stop in the hallway to watch people f ight. On a larger scale society watches reality Television shows like â€Å"Bad girls confederation” just to see these conflicts.Everything we do individually affects us as a society. other thing that Goffman believed in was how society is what makes us who we are, this is called social interactionism. Yes we make up society but in turn society molds us to who we are as well. For example a tiddler is born completely without morals and values. These things are taught to the child by family and ultimately society. The child is taught cleaning is deviant and unacceptable. It is also taught that being overweight is a concrete stigma for females of society. Therefore if the child is a girl they result constantly want to be skinny, even at a young age.My humanities professor was talking about how his 8 year old daughter was called fat the other day in school. Now the young girl will not eat very much. This not something we are born with, these are learned values that society teaches. I have my own personal experience with social interactionism. My whole life society has shape me to be who I am. It’s almost like a very subtle, yet powerful, form of mates pressure. For example I think that if it weren’t for the point that society teaches that you should treat strangers with absolute respect I think I would have had a assign more conflicts with them.Society teaches us to not get as angry with strangers as we do with our own friends and family members. Another thing Goffman believed was an idea called dramaturgy. Dramaturgy is the idea that we all act around people as if we were actors on a stage. He believed that the only time we acted as our true selves was when we are backstage and no one else is around to see us. I believe this is true of everyone in society. Of course there are those who have to act because it’s their job. Politicians, lawyers, emcees, parents these people have to invest up a facade so that others reactions server their purpose.Not all of this acting is used for selfish purposes though. For example a parent doesn’t want their child to be scared so in a crisis they might smile and tell them everything is going to be all right, even if they know it’s not going to be alright. The final point I agreed with Goffman on was an idea called impression management. image management is similar to dramaturgy however it is how we are all the time. I use impression management every day. For example I am a server and I have to come off a certain way for my guests to like me or I won’t make any money.I have to smile even when I’m stressed and I have to use a completely different voice when addressing my guest than I would use with anyone else. I also have to move I like things on the menu I have not even tried. In conclusion, I agree with Goffman’s theories on dramaturgy, impression management, micro-sociology, and symbolic interactionism. I concur with the fact tha t society shapes you to be who you are, it has definitely made me who I am. I also think that looking at how individuals interact with each other is imperative in finding out how society works.You cannot understand the big picture without first off looking at the small details. Impression management is a very important part of my life because it’s how I make a living. ultimately dramaturgy is something we all do every day. We are actors on the stage of Society Citations 1. Blackwood, B. D. (2011, July 06). Blackwood. org. Retrieved from http://www. blackwood. org/Erving. htm 2. Travers, A. (1997). Reviewing sociology. Retrieved from http://www. reading. ac. uk/RevSoc/archive/volume10/number1/10-1e. htm\r\n'

'Learning Team Deliverable Essay\r'

' quantity Domestic Output and National Income †Ch. 24\r\nTopics commodious\r\n crease is favorable with the fantasy of gross internal product (gross domestic product) as it is the dollar value of goods and run in a kingdom during a dance orchestra period. Walter is comfortable with the gross domestic product concept and understands that is the economic thermometer of the country’s circulating(prenominal) financial status.\r\nTopics Struggle\r\n creese still has to wrap his head around tokenish GDP and real GDP when it comes to the GDP expense Index. So work out real GDP is dividing token(a) GDP by the price index. What is the difference in the midst of real GDP and nominal GDP? Walter similarly struggles with the concept of nominal GDP, and how it interacts with splashiness. If GDP goes up and inflation goes down…it seems to be my understanding of the formula for calculating the nominal GDP that is holding me back.\r\n finishing of exit\r\nGDP is fl uctuates with whatever final good or ser delinquency is bought by a customer. Living through life affects the GDP. If the GDP declines for too long, economists normally check off the economy as being in a fadeout.\r\nBusiness Cycles, Unemployment and Inflation †Ch. 26\r\nTopics comfortable\r\n furrow is comfortable with the different business cycles and measurement of unemployment. These items excessively affect the GDP. Walter is comfortable with the different symptoms of a recession, a period of decline lasting more than sestet months in total output. Of which high unemployment rates is another(prenominal) tell of a recession.\r\nTopics struggle\r\nKris struggles with the concept of inflation and how it affects money today comp atomic number 18d to money value in the past. Walter is struggling with defining a recession’s severity. Two examples given were the Great falloff and the recent recession in the last few years, Is the intensity or length of quantify tha t the recession lasts that makes one more severe than the other?\r\n finish of payoff\r\nThe business cycle is very long- long-familiar in Kris’ organization as the community goes through yearly contractions and expansions based on the contend from consumers in the grocery. The business cycle is also something Walter is familiar with in the hotel industry. The hotel industry goes up and done depending the current state of the economy.\r\nThe entireness Expenditure Model †Ch. 28\r\nTopics comfortable\r\nKris is comfortable with the concepts of equilibrium GDP and disequilibrium GDP. Equilibrium is the point where goods fired equals goods purchased. Disequilibrium is some(prenominal)(prenominal) situation where goods produced are greater than goods purchased and vice versa. Walter is comfortable with the concept of GDP equilibrium, The basic premise of this equilibrium being that run meets entreat.\r\nTopics struggle\r\nKris did not struggle with both concepts in the chapter, as they were all straightforward and halcyon to understand. Walter struggled with the concept of disequilibrium and how often, or what circumstances causes this to happen. I get in it is the opposite of the equilibrium and that demand confer exceeds demand but do not feel comfortable enough with the concept to say for sure.\r\nApplication of topic\r\nAs such, Kris cannot think of a time where there was equilibrium GDP. In reality, consumer tastes vary and it would be difficult to reach equilibrium Walter thinks that when the economy is doing substantially the equilibrium can be met because consumers are finically colonised to continue purchasing products and business continue to produce according to demand.\r\nAggregate Demand and Aggregate go forthing †Ch. 29\r\nTopics comfortable\r\nKris is comfortable with entirety demand in which it shows the real GDP that consumers craving to purchase at different price levels. Aggregate supply shows the relations hip between the price level and the output of producers. Walter is comfortable with the concept of aggregate demand, and how consumer using up and administration investments play into that calculation. As prices increases, consumer demand decreases and vice versa.\r\nTopics struggle\r\nKris did not struggle with any concepts in this chapter. Walter struggled with understanding why aggregate supply is not stirred by price levels.\r\nApplication of topic\r\nSupply and demand is central to the market and economics in general. Consumer tastes always affect supply and demand. When the economy is bad and underemployment is high the demand for hig priced products decreases.\r\n monetary Policy, Deficits, and Debt †Ch. 30\r\nTopics comfortable\r\nKris is comfortable with monetary policy, deficits, and debt as it affects his organization. Market rates are affected by the fiscal policy of the government. More or less spending affects the company’s contraction or expansion. Wa lter is comfortable with the concept that the fiscal debt and deficit show the governments current financial state.\r\nTopics struggle\r\nKris struggles with the concept of automatic or built-in stabilizers. As the text states that a built-in stabilizer is something that increases the government’s budget, what kind of items constitute as a built-in stabilizer? Walter did not struggle with any of the general concepts in chapter 30.\r\nApplication of topic\r\nThe budget deficit affects all citizens as the government does not wisely use the tax payer’s funds properly. There is a lot of uncivilised that keep the government in debt. Walter notes that when the fiscal debt is higher(prenominal) so are taxes and fines. The misspending of the government is then the force of the people.\r\n'

'Policy Analysis on Dementia Care\r'

' uprise\r\nThe form _or_ system of government ‘ improve C be for People with alienation’ aims to increase diagnosis of mania, break wellness and commission services in hospitals, allot residences and communities, make urine monomania-friendly communities and poke appear research on aberration vexation. This design aims to prove nevertheless the aspect of better health and deal pop services in communities and the forbearings’ al-Qaidas and worry this to the regulate nourish’s type of bringing complaint to the unhurried’s understructure and lodge. With an agedness population, the capital of the United Kingdom Borough of hackney, and the eternal rest of the UK, is experiencing increased relative incidence of alienation. The termss associated with insanity fretting atomic number 18 approximately ?23bn annu aloney in the UK.\r\nAs a regularise agree, this indemnity is important since it cipherks to break th e charge realized by uncomplainings in company settings or their avow roots. My caseload demonstrates a dispro helpingate numeral of uncomplainings suffering from craziness and the resources channelled to their reverence. derangement is a chronic and complex check off and desires interventions from different health and affectionate grapple professionals. However, daily commissionrs bear most of the buck of feel for. As a regularise nurse, I devour to address the patient roles and the apportionrs’ unavoidably. endurings need to receive interventions to improve their nutrition, health and wellbeing. finaglers need to receive readying on how to campaign their patients, ease their anxiety, regulate their sleeping habits or improve their mobility and independence. Meeting nonoperational these needs require surplus training and collaboration betwixt the zone nurses and early(a) health and friendly guardianship professionals. The De crack upment of health and the Royal College of nurse entertain realise the regularize nurses’ role in taked knowledge the needs of patients with lunacy in hospital settings. These nurses are tasked to prevent admission charge of patients and promote positive experiences for families during end of spiritedness sustentation. However, the authorities and sparing context of this policy could all bow the compassionate received by the patients. Ethics similarly play a role in pitch of wish well. The state’s apparent withdrawal of nominal service and delegating most of the task to root word palm could grant ethical significations. Safeguards to feel make out most comm completely seen in wards or hospitals are missing in home give bid. This might do more detriment for the patient than good. However, district nurses lifelessness have to weigh if choosing to hand over deal out at home would be more beneficial for the patient or former(a)(a)wise. Finally, t his brief shows that federation care for patients with hallucination is possible if district nurse teams are apply and the die hard force increased to respond to the increasing workload.\r\n inception\r\nThe De arrayment of health earth Health nurse (2013) has recognised that care for patients with long-term conditions often h old(a) back in their own communities and in the lot’s homes. This type of care would require sustained relationships with district nurses (DN), who are responsible for managing the patient’s healthcare conditions. This brief aims to critically analyse the policy Improving Care for People with lunacy ( segment of Health, 2013) and will relate this with the Department of Health earth Health nurse’s (2013) Care in Local communities- regularise Nurse Vision and Model. The Department of Health earth Health treat (2013) has acknowledged that this new visual sense is a response to the growing needs of the ageing population in the UK. Specifically, it has recognised the growing incidence of mania amongst the aged(a) population and this hallucination sets start the contribution of DNs and other healthcare teams in meeting the quarrel of hallucination.\r\nThe first part of this brief justifies the preference of this policy and the focus on derangement care. A corporation in hackney carriage is chosen in this brief to represent my nursing caseloads of craziness. The arcsecond part discusses political, sparing and philosophical context of the policy. The trinity part critically appraises the ethical and honorable implications of this policy for bore.\r\n constitution on Dementia Care and the Community of Hackney\r\nWith an ageing population, the capital of the United Kingdom Borough of Hackney, like the rest of the UK, is commence with a rising incidence of the long-term conditions associated with old age (Office for field of study Statistics, 2013). According to the Alzheimer’s searc h UK (2013), more than 820,000 senior persons are affected by delirium. The rate of dementia in Hackney is 4 times higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than that of the general population’s rate (Public Health England, 2013). In 2010, approximately 1,350 immemorial tidy sum were living with dementia in Hackney (NHS, 2012). This policy aims to increase diagnosis rate, improve health and care services in hospitals, care homes, communities and homes, create dementia-friendly communities and widen research on dementia care. This brief will only focus on improving health and care services in communities and homes and relate these to the DNs role in providing care to patients in their own communities and homes.\r\nImplications of the indemnity on Current Practice\r\nThe policy on dementia care has an important implication in my practice as a district nurse. Providing holistic interventions to improve the flavor of care in community settings require collaborative efforts of health and accessible care professionals ( home(a) Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2007). As a district nurse, I take the lead in provision of healthcare in community settings. On reflection, patients with dementia have complex needs that require collaborative care from nurses, physical and occupational therapists, dieticians, hearty care workers and other healthcare professionals. My role extends from homework care to coordinating care with other professionals.\r\nThe king’s Fund (2012) explains that multidisciplinary teams are needed to extend quality care to patients. However, the quality of care could be affected if there are few nurses warmth for patients. I observe that the number of registered nurses in my practice is declining. This observation is similar in a sight conducted by the Royal College of Nursing (2011), which reported that nigh 70% of district nurse respondents claimed that registered nurses in their cater have dropped out. In my current casel oad, a third of my patients in our team suffer from dementia. The incidence of dementia in Hackney is four times higher compared to the UK’s average (Public Health England, 2013). However, due to the character of the condition, the care of this group of patients requires a disproportionate nub of time and resources. One of the duties of DNs in addressing the policy on dementia care is to ensure that carers in addition receive appropriate keep up. Carers have the right to have their needs assessed under the Carers and alter Children recreate 2000 (UK Legislation, 2000). In my experience, CBT has been show to be effective non only in reducing anxiety in my patients but in any case depression in the carers. It has been shown that joining support groups has been associated with cut incidence of depression (NICE, 2006).\r\nImplications of the policy on in store(predicate) Practice\r\nWith the increasing focus on community care, there is a need to strengthen the district nurse workforce. establish on my experiences and observation, the quality of care could be compromised due to the decreasing number of DNs (queen mole rat’s Nursing bestow, 2010). at that place is increased pressure to leave alone quality care at the least exist and with reduced number of nurses (Queen’s Nursing Institute, 2010). Establishing a therapeutic relationship is tight when the continuous declension of healthcare workforce in the community is not addressed. Sheehan et al. (2009) argue that a positive relationship between healthcare professionals and the patient is needed in recount to make healthcare decisions that would dictate the next of the patient. Based on these observations, the policy on dementia care would require additive workforce of registered nurses who would be instinctive to work in community settings. At present, the let out of sustainability of the DN workforce in meeting the present and future demands of elderly patients has been r aised (Royal College of Nursing, 2013, 2011). Unless the make do of reduced workforce is not addressed, meeting the demands of the dementia policy would track to be difficult.\r\nThe policy would as well as require supernumerary knowledge and training for nurses. The Royal College of Nursing (2013) has acknowledged that the present DN workforce is highly qualified. Many have met the qualifications of nurse prescriber or district nurse go the rest of the ply either have completed qualifications for nursing first or second level registration or at least hold a nursing degree. However, the Royal College of Nursing (2013) also notes that the workforce number is still low. A fiddling workforce could not adequately meet these needs. Further, the ageing population in the UK would mean that the NHS would continue to see a rise in the incidence of dementia in the succeeding years.\r\nThe issue of recording operation data is also raised with the new policy on dementia care. This wo uld be a challenge since a community or a home does not present any safeguards commonly found in a controlled environment such as wards in hospital settings (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). There is also a need for DNs to be trained on how to confine education and training to caregivers. In a overbearing review conducted by Zabalegui et al. (2014), suggest that the quality of care of patients with dementia living at home could be improved if caregivers receive fitted education and training from healthcare providers. Political, Economic and Philosophical Context The Alzheimer’s society (2014) states that in the UK, approximately ?23 million is spent annually to manage patients with dementia. However, the same brass instrument is quick to observe that a large portion of this follow is borne by carers of the patient rather than affectionate care services or the NHS. To date, there is only one study (Alzheimer’s UK, 2007) that investigated the appeal of managin g patients with dementia in community settings. The report shows that in 2007, the comprise of managing one patient with mild dementia at heart one year in a community setting amounts to ?14, 540. For an individual with moderate dementia, the annual equal is ?20,355. This increases to ?28,527 for a patient with severe dementia. If a patient is sent to a care home, the annual cost of managing the condition amounts to ?31,263. It should be noted that all these cost were calculated almost 7 years ago. The individual cost of treatment is now higher.\r\nThe same discern also shows that majority of the cost of dementia care is channelled to the carers. However, these costs do not account for the folksy carers. Alzheimer’s UK (2007) estimates that the number of hours intimate carers devote to caring run up to 1.5bn hours each year. This translates to ?12bn in cost, which is higher than the combined health and social care cost for dementia. Patients with severe dementia living in their homes or communities need at least 46 hours of nonrecreational carer support within a week (Alzheimer’s UK, 2007). However, the changing dynamics of families, with children living far from their parents or loss of spouse due to divorce or death could limit the pool of family carers. This issue could all warp the impact of the service provided by sexual carers of dementia.\r\nThe ageing population of the UK (Office for National Statistics, 2013) could further sit up the cost of caring for patients with dementia. The policy on dementia care increasingly depends on homes and communities to support the care of patients with dementia. Since many informal carers manage patients with dementia, the charge up of caring is now channelled to the patient’s family. The main(prenominal) stakeh honest-to-gods then for this policy include informal carers, patients, DN round and multidisciplinary team. This increasing reliance on home care and management could even be v iewed as a strategy of the NHS to reduce the cost of caring for patients with dementia. There is also a concern on whether the quality of care is maintained at home, especially with fewer DNs supervising the care at home.\r\nApart from the economic cost, politics could also influence DN practice. As with other policies, the policy on dementia (Department of Health, 2013) bring care close to home and care at home. These step-by-step changes are projected to empower patients, dismay costs of healthcare while empowering communities to take care of their own health (Department of Health, 2013). The withdrawal of the state in providing tokenish services for patients with dementia in favour of care at home should be evaluated on whether this would work harm to the patient. If care at home would be possible with supportive carers, my role as a DN would focus on coordinating care with other healthcare professionals. However, if the patient does not receive competent support, the Mental Health Act 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) mandates the appointment of a carer for the patient. The consequences of the political context of moving care close to home for patients with dementia would be felt in the succeeding years. On reflection, making this policy work would require DNs to provide adequate support to the informal carers.\r\nThe philosophical underpinning of this policy focuses on tackling health inequalities. favorable determinants of health (NHS, 2012) have long known to influence the health outcomes of many individuals. In the capital of the United Kingdom Borough of Hackney, incidence of dementia is higher amongst the older black elderly compared to the general white population (Office for National Statistics, 2013; Public Health England, 2013). Yaffe et al. (2013) argue that genetics do not account entirely on the disparity of incidence between black and white older populations in the UK. Instead, Yaffe et al. (2013) maintain that socioeconomic differences appe ar to have a greater influence on the higher incidence of dementia amongst black older people. Related attempt factors for dementia such as deplorableer health, less education and literacy are higher in the black elderly and might account for the variation in dementia incidence. A number of earlier studies (Haas et al., 2012; Thorpe et al., 2011) have pointed out the relationship between socioeconomic status and cognitive outcomes. The dementia policy not only brings care closer to home but also addresses socio-economic disparities of patients with dementia by allowing DNs to provide care in home settings. However, this is still challenging since carers and family members would provide care on a daily hindquarters. The limited financial capacities of families with lower socio-economic status could have an effect on the nutritional status and physical health of the patients (Adelman et al., 2009). It has been stressed that unworthy nutrition and health could increase the risk of cognitive set (Adelman et al., 2011).\r\nEthical and Moral Implications of the Dementia Policy for Practice\r\nApproaches to ethical motive include the Deontological approach, Justice, Virtue and Consequentialism. pip-squeak (2010) explain that in deontology, individuals should perform an action because it is their art to do so regardless of the consequences of the action. The Dementia Policy in the UK is underpinned by ethical approaches. Using deontology, it is moral for nurses and carers to provide care for patients with dementia. In rule-deontology, decisions regarding the care of patients beseem moral when these follow the rules. Fry (2010) emphasise that the actions of individuals pursuit deontology is usually predictable since it follows set of rules.\r\nA second approach to morals called the Results of Actions (Fry, 2010) is opposite to deontology. In this ethics approach, an action becomes moral when its consequences produce more advantages for the patient than disadv antages. The third approach to ethics or the justice approach states that there is an ideal that should be chased by individuals in order to develop their sufficient potential (Jackson, 2013). This approach is more encompassing than the deontological approach since it seeks to make a person moral by acquiring virtues. A review of the policy reveals that the virtue approach is followed since it seeks to provide holistic care to the patients. The policy emphasises providing psychological, social and emotional support not only to patients but also to their carers.\r\nMeanwhile, Beauchamp and Childress (2001) have set out four doctrines of ethics. These are autonomy, non-maleficence, unselfishness and justice. The Nursing and tocology Council’s (NMC, 2008) code of conduct has stressed that patient autonomy should always be observed in all healthcare settings. A review of the dementia policy reveals that allowing patient’s to be cared in their home settings would like ly increase patient autonomy.\r\nPatients in the early stages of dementia or those with moderate forms of the condition could experience cognitive impairments but still have the message to decide for themselves (Department of Health, 2009). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (UK Legislation, 2005) states that only when patients suffer significant cognitive impairments should representatives of the patients be allowed to make decisions in behalf of the patient. Since the policy focuses on patient-centred care even in home settings, patients or their family members are allowed to decide on the best treatment or management for the patients. regularise nurses are encouraged in the policy to always seek for the patient’s interest. The emphasis of the policy on allowing patients to decide rough their care is consistent with the ethical principle of autonomy.\r\nIt is also important that nurses should first do no harm to the patients as embodied in the ethics principle of non-maleficen ce (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). The policy supports this principle since DNs are available to provide support and lead the care of patients in home settings. However, there are several barriers in implementing the copious policy. Although the policy specifies that DNs should rally the support of patients in home settings, there is the growing concern that the standards of care seen in hospital settings might not be transferred in home settings ( queen mole rat’s Fund, 2012). For instance, DNs could not on a regular basis deal carers on a daily basis on how they provide care to individuals with dementia. These patients need to receive sufficient nutrition, engage in exercises that increase their mobility or regularly receive pharmacologic medications for their conditions (Casartelli et al., 2013; Hopper et al., 2013; Cole, 2012; Bryon et al., 2012). It would be difficult to determine on a regular basis if all these tasks are carried out according to standards if patients are cared in their own homes.\r\nIn a recent King’s Fund (2013) report, the quality of care received by patients from their nurses is highlighted. This report observes that not all nurses are compassionate to their patients and often, prefatorial care such as feeding or giving water to the patients are often neglected. While this report was establish on a study in only one hospital setting, the results are important since it showed that basic care might not be observed. In contrast, DNs would only visit the patients in their homes and would not be around to provide long hours of care. If patients receive poor quality care, this could result to poorer health outcomes and faster declension of the patient. The ethics principle of non-maleficence might not be observed if the intensity level of DN staff in the community rest low. There has been an association of high volume of work and low staffing amongst nurses with poor quality care (King’s Fund, 2013, 2012).\r\nThe policy also observes the principle of beneficence since its primary outcome is to improve the quality of care received by older patients with dementia in their own homes. Although providing care in home settings would drastically reduce healthcare costs for dementia care, it is still unclear if this would benefit the family more. The cost of informal carers remains to be high, and yet is often discounted when approximating the cost of care for dementia (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). This policy might post undue burden on families who lack the capacity to provide care for patients in advanced stages of dementia on a 24 hours basis (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). Despite this observation, the policy is beneficial to patients with moderate dementia. A home setting might provide them with the stableness and familiarity that is absent in hospital settings (Sheehan et al., 2009). It has been shown that when patients are admitted in hospital settings, they often manifest aggress ive conduct that is suggested to be a response to the changes in environment (Sheehan et al., 2009). The ethics principle of justice is also observed since the policy requires all patients, regardless of race or gender and socio-economic status, to receive equitable healthcare (Department of Health, 2013).\r\nOn reflection, the moral implications of the policy might come into divergence with the state’s increasing reliance on informal carers or family members to provide care for patients with dementia. The issue lies on whether it is moral to delegate most of the care to informal carers who might also need additional support when caring for patients with progressive chronic conditions. The National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2007) stress that informal carers also need support to help them manage depression, stress or burnout from providing care to patients who would never incur from their condition. While the NHS continue to practice innovation in delivering ca re, an evaluation on whether there are sufficient resources to implement the innovation should be made.\r\nConclusion\r\nIn conclusion, the recent policy on dementia in the UK sets the direction of care in community or home settings. District nurses are in the pip of following this direction since they lead patient care at home and in the community. However, this brief highlights some(prenominal) issues that should be addressed. These include the decreasing workforce of DN and their staff and their need for additional training and education. The political and economic context influencing the dementia policy should also be taken into account. Finally, this brief illustrates the role of DNs in providing quality care to patients in community and home settings. They could lobby for the patient’s rights and coordinate collaborative care between healthcare professionals and those involved in social care.\r\nReferences\r\nAdelman, S., Blanchard, M., Rait, G., Leavey, G. & animatenessston, G. (2011). ‘Prevalence of dementia in African-Carribean compared with UK-born white older people: two-stage cross-sectional study’, British journal of Psychiatry, 199, pp. 119-125.\r\nAdelman, S., Blanchard, M. & Livingston, G. (2009). ‘A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in the older African-Carribean population in Britain’, International diary of Geriatric and Psychiatry, 24, pp. 657-665.\r\nAlzheimer’s Society (2014). Financial cost of Dementia [Online]. for sale from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=418 (Accessed: twelfth March, 2014).\r\nAlzheimer’s Research UK (2013) Dementia Statistics [Online]. in stock(predicate) from: http://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-statistics/ (Accessed: 19th February, 2014).\r\nAlzheimer’s UK (2007). Dementia UK: The Full Report. [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzh eimers.org.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?fileID=2 (Accessed: twelfth March, 2014).\r\nBeauchamp, T. & Childress, J. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\nBryon, E., Gastmans, C. & de Casterle, D. (2012). ‘Nurse-physician communication concerning staged nutrition or hydration (ANH) in patients with dementia: a qualitative study’. Journal of clinical Nursing, 21, pp. 2975-2984.\r\nCasartelli, N., Item-Glatthorn, J., Bizzini, ., Leunig, M. & Maffiuletti, N. (2013). ‘Differences in gait characteristics between total hip, knee, and ankle arthroplasty patients: a six-moth postoperative comparison’. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder, 14:176 inside: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-176.\r\nCole, D. (2012). ‘Optimising nutrition for older people with dementia’. Nursing Standard, 26(20), pp. 41-48.\r\nDepartment of Health (2013). Improving care for people with dementia [Online]. Available from: https://ww w.gov.uk/government/policies/improving-care-for-people-with-dementia (Accessed: 19th February, 2014).\r\nDepartment of Health Public Health Nursing (2013). Care in local communities- district nurse vision and model. capital of the United Kingdom: Department of Health.\r\nDepartment of Health (2009). Living Well with dementia: A National Dementia Strategy. capital of the United Kingdom: Department of Health.\r\nFry, S., Veatch, R. & Taylor, C. (2010) Case studies in nursing ethics, London: Jones & Bartlett Learning.\r\nHaas, S., Krueger, P. & Rohlfsen, L. (2012). ‘Race/ethnic and nascence disparities in later physical performance: the role of health and socioeconomic status over the life course’, Journal of Gerontology serial publication B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, pp. 238-248.\r\nHopper, T., bourgeois, M., Pimentel, J., Qualls, C., Hickey, E., Frymark, T. & Schooling, T. (2013). ‘An evidence-based systematic review on co gnitive interventions for individuals with dementia’. American Journal of linguistic process and Language Pathology, 22(1), pp. 126-145.\r\nJackson, E. (2013) Medical law: Text, cases, and materials, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\nKing’s Fund (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation swear Public Inquiry by Robert Francis QC. London: The King’s Fund.\r\nKing’s Fund (2012). incorporate care for patients and populations: improving outcomes by working together. A report to the Department of Health and the NHS Future Forum, London: King’s Fund [Online]. Available from: www.kingsfund.org/uk/publications (Accessed: twelfth March, 2014).\r\nNational Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2007). Dementia: The NICE-SCIE Guideline on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London: The British Psychological Society and Gaskell and Social Care Institute for Excellence and NICE.\r\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006). Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London: NICE.\r\nNational Health Service (NHS) (2012). Health and Wellbeing visibility 2011/12. London: City and Hackney and NHS East London and the City.\r\nNursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008). The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC.\r\nOffice for National Statistics (2013). Ageing in the UK Datasets [Online]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/population/ageing/older-people (Accessed: 19th February, 2014).\r\nPublic Health England (2013). Hackney: Health Profile 2013. London: Public Health England [Online]. Available from: www.healthprofile.info (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nQueen’s Nursing Institute (2010). District nurse is becoming an endangered species (press release, issued 26 March 2010), London: QNI [Online]. Available from: www.qni.org.uk (Accessed: 12th March , 2014).\r\nRoyal College of Nursing (2013). District Nursing- harnessing the potential: The RCN’s UK Position on district nursing. London: RCN [Online]. Available from: www.rcn.org.uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nRoyal College of Nursing (2011). The Community nursing workforce in England, London: RCN [Online]. Available from: www.rcn.org.uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nSheehan, B., Stinton, C. & Mitchell, K. (2009) ‘The care of people with dementia in general hospital’, The Journal of feel Research in Dementia, Issue 8 [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=1094&pageNumber=5 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nThorpe, R., Koster, A., Kritchevsky, S., Newman, A., Harris, T., Ayonayon, H., Perry, S., Rooks, R. & Simonsick, E. (2011). ‘Race, socioeconomic resources, and late-life mobility and decline: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study’, Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 66(10), pp. 1114-11123.\r\nUK Legislation (2007). Mental Health Act 2007 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nUK Legislation (2005). Mental Capacity Act 2005 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nUK Legislation (2000). Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/16/notes/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\nYaffe, K., Falvey, C., Harris, T., Newman, A., Satterfield, S., Koster, A., Ayonayon, H. & Simonsick, E. (2013). ‘Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: prospective study’, British Medical Journal, 347: f7051 [Online]. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7051 (Accessed: twenty-second March, 2014).\ r\nZabalegui, A., Hamers, J., Karrison, S., Leino-Kilpi, H., Renom-Guiteras, A., Saks, K., Soto, M., Sutcliffe, C. & Cabrera, E. (2014). ‘Best practices interventions to improve quality of care of people with dementia living at home’, Patient Education and Counseling, pii: S0738-3991(14)00044-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.01.009 [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525223 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).\r\n'